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Summit For Democracy: From Words to Action

Cumbre por la democracia: Del discurso a la acción

Maria Koomen|

The Democracy Debates is a multi-stakeholder forum for debating policies and politics impacting democracy. Led by the Open Governance Network for Europe in partnership with Carnegie Europe and the European Partnership for Democracy, the Democracy Debates regularly convene European policymakers and politicians with civil society, academics, and philanthropists to debate and discuss ideas for democratic solutions to shared problems facing our democratic values, systems, and societies.

On December 9-10, 2021, U.S. President Joe Biden convened the first of two Summits for Democracy. Leaders from government, civil society, and the private sector agreed to a Year of Action by reviving democracy at home and abroad and advancing democratic reform. But is this Summit capable of tackling democracy’s challenges? To help answer this, the Open Governance Network for Europe, Carnegie Europe, and European Partnership for Democracy convened a Democracy Debate to hear from experts on both sides. Here’s what they said:

Arguing in favor of the Summit’s capability to deliver, Tonu Basu, Deputy Director of Thematic Policy Areas at the Open Government Partnership, focused on the power of the Summit’s international signaling and the course it set for accountable action at home and abroad. 

First, Basu argued that the Summit sent an important signal about the value of democracy in international politics. After over fifteen years of global democratic decline, the international community needed a moment of collective recognition of the importance of democracy and the issues that drive and protect it. The Summit also highlighted a need for multilateralism in the name of liberal democracy, backed by high-level political leadership. The importance of the United States’ leadership in this regard is not to be understated, due to its standing geopolitically and its recognition that its own democracy is not to be taken for granted. Further, China’s and Russia’s joint statement on democratic rights showed that the Summit’s political messaging did not go unnoticed.

Second, in order to reach delivery, participants and observers need to shift the focus from the event toward implementation and accountability in the year of action. Basu argued that the one year allotted for action provides enough time to seed important projects. To start, governments must publish concrete reform commitments with full transparency and accessibility, including to civil society in their own countries, in January 2022. The pressure is then on the U.S. to send a clear message about implementation expectations and ensure adequate support to countries that may need it. Further, preparations for the next Summit should carve out space to hold governments to account for their commitments and actions.

Basu warned that commitments alone, without action plans, are less likely to be implemented. A study by Transparency International UK and evidence from 10 years of OGP data shows that Summit commitments are more likely to be implemented when embedded in concrete implementation plans, such as national development plans or OGP action plans, or in legislation.  

And third, crucially, Basu argued that governments need to engage and empower a broader ecosystem of independent media, civil society, and business in this year of action. Data from the first decade of OGP also shows that spaces for multi-stakeholder dialogue are linked to higher levels of reform implementation, pointing to the need for domestic buy-in. The U.S. needs to stress to participating governments the need for inclusive and timely consultation with stakeholders on implementing commitments – and to lead by example. Where this is done well, it will contribute to success in Summit delivery. 

In contrast, Oliver Stuenkel, Associate Professor of International Relations at the Getúlio Vargas Foundation (FGV) in Brazil, cast doubt on whether the Summit can deliver, focusing on the U.S.’s ulterior geopolitical motives in convening the Summit, the country’s lack of legitimacy as host and leader, and the absence of monitoring mechanisms in place. 

First, Stuenkel pointed to U.S. geopolitical interests overshadowing the Summit’s democracy promotion values. The U.S.’s focus on Moscow and Beijing makes others question whether the entire edifice of U.S. democracy promotion is actually about great power competition. Evidently, some democracies such as Bolivia were excluded from the Summit, presumably because of their difficult relationships with the U.S., while more authoritarian countries participated. Having autocratic leaders like Brazil’s Bolsonaro there puts the Summit’s real value into question – the resulting perception is that ‘democracy’ was not among the top priorities of the U.S. in convening the Summit.

Second, the Summit is marred by the worrisome state of U.S. democracy at home. As perpetrators of the January 6, 2021 assault on U.S. democracy have not only been punished insufficiently but are also on the rise again, the U.S.’s domestic legitimacy is compromised. 

And third, considering the U.S. approach to these domestic tribulations, it’s not clear whether the U.S. – or any other global actor like the Community of Democracies – can or will hold other governments such as Brazil to account for fulfilling Summit commitments. In this state, Stuenkel questioned whether the U.S. is fit to successfully lead the Summit Year of Action and second Summit, or if a co-hosting partnership will be needed to lend the legitimacy that the U.S. lacks.  

Underscoring both arguments for and against the Summit’s ability to deliver was the agreement that the Summit was the start of a joint, inclusive conversation on democracy and the issues faced by virtually every democracy around the world. 

Looking forward, to ensure the Year of Action gains traction and the second Summit has teeth, Stuenkel urged the U.S. to instill mechanisms for monitoring and holding country action (or inaction) to account, and Basu urged participating countries to open conversations, implementation plans, and monitoring mechanisms to civil society. Countries should also leverage existing alliances and structures, such as the Open Government Partnership, and launch self-driving coalitions to support each other and carry collective action to address cross-border issues like state-sponsored corruption, digital disinformation, and illicit political financing. Both experts agreed that the U.S. has a special role to play in helping seed and support such collective action through to the next Summit in 2022. 

 

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