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North Macedonia

  • Member Since 2011
  • Action Plan 4

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Current Action Plan

2018-2020

Action Plan 4

  • Number of Commitments: 23
  • Policy Area Focus: Open Parliament, Access to Justice, Subnational-Level Transparency

North Macedonia is currently implementing 23 commitments from their 2018-2020 action plan.

Point of Contact

Gordana Dimitrovska National Coordinator for OGP, Ministry of Information Society and Administration gordana.dimitrovska@mioa.gov.mk

Commitments

  1. Awareness-Raising About Access to Information Rights

    MK0121, 2018, Public Service Delivery

  2. Public Access to Central Register of the Republic of Macedonia

    MK0122, 2018, Beneficial Ownership

  3. Mapping Homeless and Socially Endangered Families and Individuals

    MK0123, 2018, Public Service Delivery

  4. Monitoring Property Status of Elected and Appointed Officials

    MK0124, 2018, Money in Politics

  5. Assessment of Anti-Corruption Legislation

    MK0125, 2018, Anti-Corruption Institutions

  6. Open Treasury

    MK0126, 2018, Fiscal Transparency

  7. Publishing Procurement Information

    MK0127, 2018, Open Contracting and Procurement

  8. Health Sector Transparency and Establish a Cost Impact Assessment Mechanism

    MK0128, 2018, Public Service Delivery

  9. Employment Program Transparency and Impact Assessment Mechanism

    MK0129, 2018, Public Service Delivery

  10. Cataloging Data Sets in State Institutions

    MK0130, 2018, Public Service Delivery

  11. Regional Open Data Initiatives

    MK0131, 2018, Public Service Delivery

  12. Financial Transparency Tools

    MK0132, 2018, Public Service Delivery

  13. Improvement in Local Public Service Delivery

    MK0133, 2018, Public Service Delivery

  14. Inclusive Local Decision-Making

    MK0134, 2018, Public Service Delivery

  15. To Resilient Skopje Via Data Availability

    MK0135, 2018, Public Service Delivery

  16. Access to Justice Development

    MK0136, 2018, Public Service Delivery

  17. Improving Access to Justice for Marginalized Groups of Citizens

    MK0137, 2018, Public Service Delivery

  18. Awareness-Raisinga About Climate Change

    MK0138, 2018, Environment and Climate

  19. National Assembly Capacity-Building

    MK0139, 2018, Legislature

  20. Increasing the Financial Transparency of the Assembly of RM

    MK0140, 2018, Fiscal Transparency

  21. Parliamentary TV Channel

    MK0141, 2018, Legislature

  22. Citizen Participation in Assembly

    MK0142, 2018, Legislature

  23. Citizen oversight of legislative processes

    MK0143, 2018, Legislature

  24. Creation of Open Data Standards

    MK0089, 2016, Open Data

  25. Improvement of the Open Data Platform and Its Approximation to the Citizens

    MK0090, 2016, Open Data

  26. Rising Awareness of Open Data

    MK0091, 2016, Open Data

  27. Cataloging and Categorization of Data Sets Held by State Institutions

    MK0092, 2016, Open Data

  28. Open Data Linking on the State Institutions’ Portals

    MK0093, 2016, Open Data

  29. Improvement and Facilitation of the Access to Information

    MK0094, 2016, Right to Information

  30. Starred commitment Implementation of the Law on Whistle-Blower Protection and Raising the Awareness for Whistle-Blowing

    MK0095, 2016, Anti-Corruption Institutions

  31. Open Data on Property Status of Elected and Appointed Persons

    MK0096, 2016, Fiscal Transparency

  32. Promotion of Integrity, Transparency and Accountability on Local Level and Monitoring the Progress

    MK0097, 2016, Anti-Corruption Institutions

  33. Promotion of Cooperation and Increased Proactivity in the Prevention of Corruption and Conflict of Interests

    MK0098, 2016, Anti-Corruption Institutions

  34. Starred commitment Open Budget Initiative

    MK0099, 2016, Fiscal Transparency

  35. Open Data on Health Programs

    MK0100, 2016, Health

  36. Creating a Legal Obligation for the Contracting Authorities for Mandatory Publication of Information Regarding the Public Procurement Contracts on Their Websites

    MK0101, 2016, Open Contracting and Procurement

  37. Involving Representatives of Associations and Foundations, As Well As Other Civil Society Organizations, in Transparent and Objective Manner in Sector Working Groups for Planning and Programming of IPA 2

    MK0102, 2016, Public Participation

  38. Publication of Data on Signed Contracts and Received Assistance Through Infrastructure Development Program (Orio) Netherlands

    MK0103, 2016, Fiscal Transparency

  39. Introduction of a Publicly Accessible Register of Concession Contracts

    MK0104, 2016, Open Contracting and Procurement

  40. Increased Budgetary Fund Benefits in Preventive and Curative Health Protection for Citizens

    MK0105, 2016, Health

  41. Publication of Data on Planned and Realized Domestic and Foreign Assistance for Rural Development and Agriculture on a Quarterly Basis

    MK0106, 2016, Aid

  42. Determination of Data on State Assistance to Be Published and Their Publication

    MK0107, 2016, Aid

  43. Developing Standards for Transparency and Open Data on Local Level

    MK0108, 2016, Open Data

  44. Establishment of New Tools to Improve Financial Transparency and Accountability of Local Self-Government Units

    MK0109, 2016, Oversight of Budget/Fiscal Policies

  45. Improvement of the Institutional Consultation Mechanism at the Local Level

    MK0110, 2016, Public Participation

  46. Capacity Strengthening for Cooperation Between the Local Self-Government Units and Civil Organizations

    MK0111, 2016, Civic Space

  47. Monitoring and Evaluation of Service Quality at the Local Level

    MK0112, 2016, Records Management

  48. Improvement of the Local Level Social Services

    MK0113, 2016, Public Service Delivery

  49. Improvement of Disabled People Social Inclusion at the Local Level

    MK0114, 2016, Public Service Delivery

  50. Improvement of the Local Level Communal Services

    MK0115, 2016, Public Participation

  51. More Information for the Citizens on the Ombudsman Institution

    MK0116, 2016, Anti-Corruption Institutions

  52. Favorable Legal Environment for Social Contracts

    MK0117, 2016, Civic Space

  53. Developing Climate Policies at National Level in a Transparent and Participatory Manner

    MK0118, 2016, Environment and Climate

  54. Open Data on Climate Change at National and Local Level

    MK0119, 2016, Environment and Climate

  55. Ensuring Private Sector Accountability and Involvement in National Climate Change Action

    MK0120, 2016, Extractive Industries

  56. Advancement of the Consultation Process with Stakeholders in the Policy Creating Process

    MK0087, 2016, Public Participation

  57. Cooperation Advancement with the Civil Sector

    MK0088, 2016, Public Participation

  58. Enhancement of the ENER Portal and Optimization of the Process of Public Consultation

    MK0036, 2014, Lobbying

  59. Implementation of the Measures from the Strategy for Cooperation of the Government with the Civil Society (2012-2017)

    MK0037, 2014, Public Participation

  60. Strengthening the Rules for Work and Use of ENER

    MK0038, 2014, E-Government

  61. Publication of the Results of Using ENER - " Mirror of the Government "

    MK0039, 2014, Public Participation

  62. Monitoring of Openness of Government Institutions in the Processes of Policy Making and Law Drafting "Mirror of the Government: Public Participation in the Process of Law Drafting" Annual Report – Assessment Of:

    MK0040, 2014, Public Participation

  63. Capacity Building of Civil Society Organizations to Monitor the Implementation of Policies

    MK0041, 2014, Capacity Building

  64. Raising the Awareness About the Benefits of Open Government Partnership:

    MK0042, 2014, Capacity Building

  65. Greater Public Awareness and Use of Participatory Policy Making Through the Internet Portal e-Democracy by the Institutions, Companies, Chambers, Civil Society and Citizens

    MK0043, 2014, Public Participation

  66. Starred commitment Establishing of an Advisory Body to Promote Cooperation, Dialogue and Encourage the Development of the Civil Society, Composed of Representatives of the Government, Administrative Bodies and Civil Society Organizations

    MK0044, 2014, Public Participation

  67. Improved Implementation of the Code of Good Practice for the Participation of Civil Society in the Policy Making Process

    MK0045, 2014, Public Participation

  68. Open Data of the Bodies and Public Sector Institutions According to Their Technical Features Which They Create in Exercise of Their Powers That Will Be Made Available for Use

    MK0046, 2014, Open Data

  69. Setting of Technical Standards for the Data Format and the Manner of Its Publication Prescribed by the Minister of Information Society and Administration.

    MK0047, 2014, Open Data

  70. Establishing a Central Catalog of Public Sector Data Published for Use Based on a Catalog of Data from the Bodies and the Institutions of the Public Sector Www.Otvorenipodatoci.Gov.Mk (Opendata.Gov.Mk)

    MK0048, 2014, Open Data

  71. Establishing a Database for the Contact Person in the Bodies and Institutions of the Public Sector Where a Contact Person Shall Be Appointed Responsible for the Technical Adaptation and Publishing of Data for Use, Their Publication on the Website of the Authority and Responsibilities for the Accuracy of the Catalog Data Www.Opendata.Gov.Mk.

    MK0049, 2014, Open Data

  72. Introducing the Possibility for Submission of a Request by the Interested Parties for New Datasets for Use.

    MK0050, 2014, Open Data

  73. Establishing a Platform for Data Mashing (Pilot 11 Institutions)

    MK0051, 2014, Open Data

  74. Trainings for Implementation of the Law on Use of Data from the Public Sector

    MK0052, 2014, Open Data

  75. Raising Public Awareness About the Right to Free Access to Public Information Through the Created and Conducted Media Presentations and Educational Campaign

    MK0053, 2014, Right to Information

  76. Establishing of Inter-Sector Working Group for Determining the Compliance with the Convention of the Council of Europe for Access to Public Documents and Setting National Legal Requirements for Accession to the Convention

    MK0054, 2014, Public Participation

  77. Educating Officers and Officials at the Information Holders (Commission for Protection of the Right to Free Access to Public Information)

    MK0055, 2014, Capacity Building

  78. Making a New Web Site of the Commission (Ministry of Information Society and Administration)

    MK0056, 2014, E-Government

  79. Regular Posting and Updating the List of Information Holders

    MK0057, 2014, Capacity Building

  80. Availability of All Public Information on the Web Sites of the Information Holders (All Holders)

    MK0058, 2014, Capacity Building

  81. Improving the Financial and Human Resources of the Commission (Ministry of Finance, the Commission for Protection of the Right to Free Access to Public Information and the Ministry of Information Society and Administration)

    MK0059, 2014, Capacity Building

  82. Increasing the Cooperation of the Commission with Associations and Foundations and Municipalities in RM Through Memorandum of Cooperation

    MK0060, 2014, Capacity Building

  83. Publishing Information About Budget and Program Implementation of Health Budgets, with Particular Focus on the Budgetary and Financial Implementation of Preventive Programs of the Ministry of Health, Obtained Through a Procedure of Access to Public Information Www.Esem.Org.Mk

    MK0061, 2014, Health

  84. Amending the Law on Free Access to Public Information (Ministry of Justice)

    MK0062, 2014, Public Participation

  85. Starred commitment Adoption of Amendments to the Law on Prevention of Corruption in the Direction Of:

    MK0063, 2014, Anti-Corruption Institutions

  86. Implementation of Activities to Raise Awareness of Public Administration and Citizens to Report Corruption and Other Unlawful and Impermissible Actions

    MK0064, 2014, Anti-Corruption Institutions

  87. Introducing Guidelines to the Integrity System and Their Further Piloting in the Municipalities and Central Level Institutions

    MK0065, 2014, Capacity Building

  88. Defining a Methodology for Assessing the Risks of Corruption by Updating the Concept of Integrity

    MK0066, 2014, Anti-Corruption Institutions

  89. Developing a Methodology for Monitoring the Progress of Implementation of Integrity Systems (Integrity Index) for Local Self Governments

    MK0067, 2014, Anti-Corruption Institutions

  90. Developing a Methodology for Monitoring Progress in Implementation of Integrity Systems by the Civil Society (Through Tools for Social Responsibility)

    MK0068, 2014, Anti-Corruption Institutions

  91. Continuously Promote the Use of It Tools for Social Responsibility in the Municipalities and Other Institutions

    MK0069, 2014, Subnational

  92. Building the Capacity of Civil Society Organizations to Monitor Anti-Corruption Practices At the Local Level Through Research and a LOTOS Study

    MK0070, 2014, Anti-Corruption Institutions

  93. Defining the Scope of the Elected and Appointed Persons Who Are Obliged to Submit Declarations of Assets and Interests Statement - Preparation of the Register

    MK0071, 2014, Asset Disclosure

  94. Implementation of the Open Budget Initiative

    MK0072, 2014, Health

  95. Starred commitment Public Procurement

    MK0073, 2014, Open Contracting and Procurement

  96. Foreign Aid and Foreign Investment

    MK0074, 2014, Civic Space

  97. Developing Capacities at Local Level for the Implementation of Mechanisms for Proactive Communication with Citizens

    MK0075, 2014, Subnational

  98. Establish an Electronic Platform (Dashboard) with Indicators for the Budget and Delivery of Local Services

    MK0076, 2014, Public Service Delivery

  99. Improving Local Services Through Direct Collaboration with Citizens

    MK0077, 2014, Public Service Delivery

  100. Transforming the Part of Local Services in e- Services

    MK0078, 2014, Public Service Delivery

  101. Participatory Policy Making at the Local Level- Obligatory Consultations with Citizens in Drafting/Amending of the Most Important Acts and Documents in the Local Government (Budget, Strategies, Urban Plans, Statute)

    MK0079, 2014, Public Participation

  102. Increasing Accountability and Promoting the Concept of Informed Consumers and Citizens, Service Users and Rights Through:

    MK0080, 2014, Capacity Building

  103. Publication of the Results of the Projects for Evaluation of Public Administration

    MK0081, 2014, Capacity Building

  104. Inclusive Elementary and Secondary Education for Persons with Disabilities

    MK0082, 2014, Education

  105. Enforcement Activities of the Center for Safer Internet Action Plan in Accordance with (Inhope Macedonia)

    MK0083, 2014, Capacity Building

  106. Analysis of the Results Obtained in Field Research at the National Level to Implement the Program

    MK0084, 2014, Capacity Building

  107. Informing Women on the Rights and the Services Available to Them with the Programme

    MK0085, 2014, Gender

  108. Increasing Responsibilities and Promote the Concept of Environmental Protection (DEM – AD Treska, Makedonski Brod and Other Stakeholders):

    MK0086, 2014, Environment and Climate

  109. ENER online Participatory Tool in Legislation Drafting

    MK0001, 2012, Public Participation

  110. Www.E-Demokratija.Gov.Mk - on Line Tool for Participatory Policy Making

    MK0002, 2012, Public Participation

  111. Introduction of Online Petitions

    MK0003, 2012,

  112. Implementation of the Strategy for Cooperation of the Government with the Civil Society Sector

    MK0004, 2012, Public Participation

  113. Code of Best Practices for NGO Involvement

    MK0005, 2012, Capacity Building

  114. Www.Opendata.Gov.Mk

    MK0006, 2012, Open Data

  115. Development of Business Model for Open Data

    MK0007, 2012, Open Data

  116. Prioritizing Opening of Data

    MK0008, 2012, Open Data

  117. Use of Inter-Operable Services as Guidance in Opening Data

    MK0009, 2012, Open Data

  118. Plan and Monitor the Implementation of the Plans for Opening the State Institutions Information.

    MK0010, 2012, Open Data

  119. Analyses of the Legal Framework Enabling Open Data.

    MK0011, 2012, Open Data

  120. Improving Services Through Www.Uslugi.Gov.Mk

    MK0012, 2012, E-Government

  121. Integration of Citizen Logs, Their Update and Publishing

    MK0013, 2012, E-Government

  122. ‘Traffic Light’ Project for Citizens’ Evaluation of the Administration.

    MK0014, 2012, Public Participation

  123. Provision of the Government Services Through Cloud Computing.

    MK0015, 2012, Public Service Delivery

  124. Introduction of One-Off Request for the Information from the Citizens.

    MK0016, 2012, Right to Information

  125. Use of Harm Test. and 2. Publication of Information Gathered Through the Free Access Law

    MK0017, 2012, Right to Information

  126. Publication of Easy to Search Public Information.

    MK0018, 2012, Right to Information

  127. Ratification of the Council of Europe Convention on Access to Public Documents.

    MK0019, 2012, Legislation & Regulation

  128. Electronic Submission of Requests for Access to Public Character Information.

    MK0020, 2012, Right to Information

  129. Training of Access to Information Officers.

    MK0021, 2012, Right to Information

  130. Identification of Low Interest Areas for Business Investments. 2.Publication of Research.

    MK0022, 2012, Education

  131. Scientific and Research Cooperation Through the Internet.

    MK0023, 2012, Education

  132. Publication of Information from the State Statistical Office for Further Scientific Purposes.

    MK0024, 2012, Education

  133. Available Information About the Inspectorates

    MK0025, 2012,

  134. Introduce Integrity Systems for Anticorruption Policies in the Public Administration.

    MK0026, 2012, Capacity Building

  135. Open Budget Initiative

    MK0027, 2012, Fiscal Transparency

  136. Public Procurements

    MK0028, 2012, Open Contracting and Procurement

  137. Foreign Assistance and Foreign Investments

    MK0029, 2012, Aid

  138. Opening of Information by the Municipalities

    MK0030, 2012, Open Data

  139. Free Access to Information Training Local Self-Government Officials

    MK0031, 2012, Right to Information

  140. Integrity System on Local Level.1. Established Methodology. 2. Piloting in 10 Municipalities.

    MK0032, 2012, Conflicts of Interest

  141. Promotion of Consumers Information in Selected Areas.

    MK0033, 2012, Gender

  142. Availability of Information Related To: Roads Safety, Air Quality, Safety of Workers

    MK0034, 2012, Infrastructure & Transport

  143. Public Health Information

    MK0035, 2012, Health

Resources

  1. Case Study: Macedonia Open Data

    2016, Case Study, Web page

  2. Macedonia Action Plan 2018-2020

    2018, Action Plan, Web page

  3. Macedonia End-of-Term Report 2014-16 – For Public Comment

    2017, IRM Report, Web page

  4. Macedonia End-of-Term Report 2014-2016

    2017, IRM Report, Web page

  5. Macedonia End-of-Term Report 2016-2018

    2019, IRM Report, Web page

  6. Macedonia End-of-Term Report 2016-2018 – For Public Comment

    2019, Report Comments, Web page

  7. Macedonia End-of-Term Self-Assessment 2014-2016

    2016, Self Assessment, Web page

  8. Macedonia End-Term Self-Assessment Report 2016-2018

    2019, Self Assessment, Web page

  9. Macedonia IRM Progress Report 2012-2013

    2015, IRM Report, Web page

  10. Macedonia Letter of Intent to Join OGP

    2017, Letter, Web page

  11. Macedonia Mid-Term Report 2016-2018

    2018, IRM Report, Web page

  12. Macedonia Mid-Term Report 2016-2018 – For Public Comment

    2018, Report Comments, Web page

  13. Macedonia Mid-Term Self-Assessment 2016-2018

    2017, Self Assessment, Web page

  14. Macedonia National Action Plan 2016-2018

    2016, Action Plan, Web page

  15. Macedonia Progress Report 2014-2015

    2016, IRM Report, Web page

  16. Macedonia Second IRM Report – Public Comments Received

    2016, IRM Report, Web page

  17. Macedonia, First Action Plan, 2012-13

    2015, Action Plan, Web page

  18. Macedonia, Midterm Self-Assessment, 2014-16

    2015, Self Assessment, Web page

  19. Macedonia, Second Action Plan, 2014-2016

    2015, Action Plan, Web page

Current Data

The data below is updated periodically, most often after large numbers of new action plans and IRM reports.

Commitment Performance

The following variables answer the question “Did this commitment open government?“, and focus on how government practices have changed as a result of the commitment’s implementation.

Key

No IRM data

Pending IRM Review

Download
Major
Outstanding
Starred Commitments
Action Plan 1
0
Action Plan 2
0
0
3
Action Plan 3
2
0
2
Action Plan 4

Global

Most per action plan
4
7

Regional

Most per action plan
4
7

How to Get More Starred Commitments

Starred commitments in OGP are one of the ways the IRM designates promising reforms. The graph below shows where the major areas for improvement in action plan design and implementation should take place based on past action plans.

Key

Stars (Global average 7%)

Focus on implementation

Focus on design

Pending IRM review

No IRM data

Focus on design

Focus on objectives and impact (ambition/potential impact)

Focus on relevance to open government

Focus on verifiability

Download
Action Plan 4

Public Participation

This table shows: 1) the level of public influence during the development and implementation of OGP action plans, 2) whether consultations were open to any member of the public or only to those invited; and 3) whether a forum existed that met regularly.

Key

Participation was closed

Participation was open to any interested party

No IRM data

Forum

Pending IRM review

Definitions

Collaborate: Iterative dialogue and public helped set agenda

 

Involve: Government gave feedback on public inputs

 

Consult: Public gave input

 

Inform: Government provided public with information on plan

Download
Collaborate
Involve
Consult
Inform
No Consultation

Development

Action Plan 1
Action Plan 2
Action Plan 3
Action Plan 4
Collaborate
Involve
Consult
Inform
No Consultation

Implementation

Action Plan 1
Action Plan 2
Action Plan 3
Action Plan 4

OGP Global Report Data

The data below is drawn from the 2019 OGP Global Report. You can view and learn more about the report here.

Selected Dimensions of Open Government

This section captures how each OGP member can play a leadership role, based on IRM-based findings and third-party scores. This list does not cover all of open government and OGP members are not required to take any action.

Action implications

These are recommendations on the role that each OGP member might play in each policy area. The recommendations are derived from a combination of the IRM-based findings and third-party scores.

IRM-based findings

Reflect the performance of commitments in a particular policy area, as assessed by the IRM.

 

(NC) No Commitments
(CA) Commitment(s) in the policy area.
(IR) IRM-Reviewed: At least one IRM-assessed commitment.
(C) Was Complete: At least one commitment was substantially or fully completed.
(A) Was Ambitious: At least one commitment with moderate or transformative potential impact.
(ER) Showed Early Results: At least one commitment opened government in a “Major” or “Outstanding” way.

Third-party scores

Reflect “real-world” performance, i.e., performance outside of the OGP framework. Scores are comprised of various indicators collected by respected organizations.

Download

Anti-Corruption

Beneficial Ownership
Action Implications
New Initiative
IRM-Based Findings
NC
CA
IR
C
A
ER
3rd-Party Score (0-4)
0 Sources
Open Contracting
Action Implications
Implement for Results
IRM-Based Findings
NC
CA
IR
C
A
ER
3rd-Party Score (0-4)
1.17 Sources

Civic Space

Freedom of Assembly
Action Implications
Consider Action
IRM-Based Findings
NC
CA
IR
C
A
ER
3rd-Party Score (0-4)
2.41 Sources
Freedom of Association
Action Implications
Implement for Results
IRM-Based Findings
NC
CA
IR
C
A
ER
3rd-Party Score (0-4)
2.93 Sources
Defending Journalists and Activists
Action Implications
Consider Action
IRM-Based Findings
NC
CA
IR
C
A
ER
3rd-Party Score (0-4)
2.03 Sources

Open Policy Making

Participation in Lawmaking
Action Implications
New Initiative
IRM-Based Findings
NC
CA
IR
C
A
ER
3rd-Party Score (0-4)
1.64 Sources
Open Regulations
Action Implications
IRM-Based Findings
NC
CA
IR
C
A
ER
3rd-Party Score (0-4)
3.00 Sources

Access to Information

Right to Information
Action Implications
Implement for Results
IRM-Based Findings
NC
CA
IR
C
A
ER
3rd-Party Score (0-4)
2.55 Sources
Open Data (Water / Sanitation)
Action Implications
Consider Action
IRM-Based Findings
NC
CA
IR
C
A
ER
3rd-Party Score (0-4)
2.20 Sources
Open Data (Health)
Action Implications
Implement for Results
IRM-Based Findings
NC
CA
IR
C
A
ER
3rd-Party Score (0-4)
2.07 Sources
Open Data (Education)
Action Implications
Consider Action
IRM-Based Findings
NC
CA
IR
C
A
ER
3rd-Party Score (0-4)
1.60 Sources

Fiscal Openness

Transparency
Action Implications
Implement for Results
IRM-Based Findings
NC
CA
IR
C
A
ER
3rd-Party Score (0-4)
1.48 Sources
Participation
Action Implications
Consider Action
IRM-Based Findings
NC
CA
IR
C
A
ER
3rd-Party Score (0-4)
0 Sources
Oversight
Action Implications
Implement for Results
IRM-Based Findings
NC
CA
IR
C
A
ER
3rd-Party Score (0-4)
2.24 Sources

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