Open Government Reforms and Increased Civic Space are Key to EU Membership for the Western Balkans

This blog is part of IRM Week: A Year in Review. Throughout the week, the Independent Reporting Mechanism (IRM) will share findings and analysis from recent reports through a series of events, report launches blogs, and fact sheets. Learn more here.

On 15-16 October, OGP ran a series of online workshops with Western Balkan Government Points of Contact to learn about improving co-creation of OGP action plans, making commitments more ambitious, and exploring open government topics. This blog post pulls together some of the content from those workshops as well as a comparative analysis of Western Balkan action plans by the IRM. 

Since joining the Open Government Partnership (OGP), six countries of the Western Balkans – Albania (2011), Bosnia and Herzegovina (2014), Croatia (2011), Montenegro (2011), North Macedonia (2011), and Serbia (2012) – have made over 350 commitments to implement open government reforms. Yet ongoing institutional and political challenges have reduced the impact of, and have even weakened, democractic progress made over the years. Continuing open government reforms and restoring civic space will help to ensure these countries continue their path towards being stronger democracies.

Ongoing challenges in Western Balkan countries hold many of them back in their progress towards attaining EU membership. In Serbia, the main opposition parties boycotted this summer’s parliamentary elections. Journalists and media in Montenegro, Serbia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina continue to come under pressure from authorities, and threats and attacks are a persistent problem. Albania has drawn criticism for a new draft anti-defamation law that “would empower the authorities to shut down online media without judicial oversight”. Montenegro has not progressed on the independence of its Judicial Council and only 24% of the Croatian public perceive the country’s judiciaryWhile a majority of open government reforms occur within the executive branch, OGP members are increasingly taking on commitments to increase the openness of the judicial branch. Technical specificati... to be independent, the lowest in the EU. 

The transformation of civic space is crucial to the sustainability of democratic reforms and more open government in the region. OGP provides a framework that can address these key issues on transparencyAccording to OGP’s Articles of Governance, transparency occurs when “government-held information (including on activities and decisions) is open, comprehensive, timely, freely available to the pub... More, civic participation and public accountabilityAccording to OGP’s Articles of Governance, public accountability occurs when ”rules, regulations, and mechanisms in place call upon government actors to justify their actions, act upon criticisms ... More, alongside a process establishing greater engagement with civil society. 

Based on data gathered by the OGP’s Independent Reporting Mechanism (IRM), the most recent Western Balkan action plans submitted in 2018 and 2019 contain 70 open government commitments, including some relevant to EU membership.

Of these 70 commitments, 51% could lead to significant progress in areas like access to information, citizen engagement, and fiscal transparency. However, there is a wide difference between governments in the region in the number of ambitious open government commitments. For example, some countries have no such commitments, while 26% of the commitments in Croatia’s 2018-20 action planAction plans are at the core of a government’s participation in OGP. They are the product of a co-creation process in which government and civil society jointly develop commitments to open governmen... are potentially transformative (the one country that has already attained EU membership).

Potentially transformative commitments from the region stretch from improving implementation of proactive transparency measures in Serbia’s freedom of information legislation, to fiscal openness in Croatia and North Macedonia by publishing detailed budget and spending data at all levels of government. Additional steps, such as raising awareness among data users of new proactively published information and working closely with civil society to improve the relevance and quality of this information, could further enhance the commitments’ impacts. Other such commitments introduce access to justice measures in North Macedonia, as well as whistleblower protections, a centralised online government portal, and political and election campaign financing transparency in Croatia.

However, the COVID-19 pandemic has strained the region’s engagement with open government principles. Constitutional courts, investigative journalists and civil society monitors have highlighted and challenged the use of state of emergency powers to severely limit fundamental freedoms and human rightsAn essential part of open government includes protecting the sacred freedoms and rights of all citizens, including the most vulnerable groups, and holding those who violate human rights accountable. T..., the concentration of power in the executive over parliaments, and questionable public procurementTransparency in the procurement process can help combat corruption and waste that plagues a significant portion of public procurement budgets globally. Technical specifications: Commitments that aim t... More decisions.

On top of enhancing media freedoms and tackling political corruption, countries can address challenges in other policy areas using the OGP framework, including: 

• Public Procurement: Reformers in the region can build upon existing open contractingA transparent procurement process, known as open contracting, increases competition, improves public service delivery, and ensures governments better value for their money. Technical specifications: C... More and public procurement transparency commitments to improve harmonisation with EU rules and regulations and ensure open dataBy opening up data and making it sharable and reusable, governments can enable informed debate, better decision making, and the development of innovative new services. Technical specifications: Polici... through the implementation of the Open Contracting Data Standard. Particularly in light of the heightened risk of corruption, and evidence of such corruption during the pandemic, mechanisms should be developed to ensure that conflicts of interestA key part of anti-corruption involves preventing or revealing conflicts of interest — when a public official is in a position to use public office for personal or private gain. Technical specificat... are avoided and that abuses are investigated and sanctioned. This will also help to rebuild citizen trust.
• Civic Space and Engagement in Policy-Making: The pandemic has accelerated the recent shrinking of civic space. Public consultation processes in policy-making are often criticised for being overly formalistic, tick-box exercises. Reforms could seek to ensure that public participationGiving citizens opportunities to provide input into government decision-making leads to more effective governance, improved public service delivery, and more equitable outcomes. Technical specificatio... mechanisms influence policy decisions, and explore innovative deliberative approaches. Reforms will not stick without ensuring that civil society organisations are able to operate freely, and that citizens enjoy freedom of expressionJournalists and activists are critical intermediaries connecting public officials with citizens and serving as government watchdogs, and their rights and safety need to be protected. Technical specifi... More and assembly.
• Open JusticeAn open, independent, and impartial justice system serves as a foundation for better access to justice by fulfilling all people’s civil liberties and allowing individuals to more effectively protect...:  The next round of action plans can foster reforms that ensure all citizens are able to access justiceTo address barriers that prevent citizens from having their justice needs met, OGP participating governments are working to expand transparency, accountability, and inclusion into all systems of justi... – through increased transparency of and open data around judicial processes, and support for vulnerable or marginalised groups to access justice. Such mechanisms will help to reduce the risk of corruption and political interference, and increase public trust. 

But before open government commitments make it into an OGP action plan, government and civil society reformers come together to discuss thematic priorities. At recent workshops, country government points of contact shared the advances with online repositories charting progress on co-creation and implementation of commitments, development of multi-stakeholder forums to co-create action plans, and explained the new interactions with local government representatives. 

Yet co-creation processes vary across the Western Balkans from not meeting the basic OGP requirements for participation to having a collaborative development process. Moving forward, all Western Balkan countries should ensure that multi-stakeholder forums exist and function to OGP standards, and that their online OGP repositories have complete, up-to-date and easily accessible information. They must engage with a broad cross-section of citizens, and provide reasoned responses to civil society and citizen input.

The OGP co-creation processCollaboration between government, civil society and other stakeholders (e.g., citizens, academics, private sector) is at the heart of the OGP process. Participating governments must ensure that a dive... provides a space to build up greater trust between civil society and government, draw up an agenda for greater openness in government decision-making and increase confidence in the rule of law. Improvements in access to justiceAccessible justice systems – both formal and informal – ensure that individuals and communities with legal needs know where to go for help, obtain the help they need, and move through a system tha... More, countering corruption in procurement, and enhancing civic space make an important contribution in moving closer to EU membership and, crucially, in building citizens’ trust in government.